The content of The Analects is extremely rich, covering all aspects of society and human life. It is not an exaggeration for some to praise it as the "Bible of the East." The core concept of The Analects is Ren (Benevolence). It represents both the highest political principle in Confucius's ideal and the highest moral standard. The fundamental meaning of Ren is that "the benevolent person loves others." Zhong (Loyalty) and Shu (Reciprocity) are derived from Ren; the basic requirement of the Way of Loyalty and Reciprocity is to treat others with sincerity and to extend consideration to others. Its specific content is: "To establish oneself, help others establish themselves; to achieve oneself, help others achieve themselves; do not do to others what you do not wish for yourself" (Book of Wei Ling Gong). From this, the Chinese people have developed a broad sentiment that "within the four seas, all are brothers." When Ren is extended to politics, it becomes "benevolent governance." Confucius believed that to govern a state well, a ruler must value personal character and virtue, be trustworthy, and love the people—these are the fundamental principles of governance. The Master said: "To govern a state of a thousand chariots, be reverent in handling affairs and trustworthy, be frugal in expenditure and love the people, and employ the people at the proper seasons." In The Analects, Ren is mentioned 109 times, and Li (Propriety) is mentioned 75 times. Confucius believed that with the essence of Ren, it must also be practiced through Li to achieve adherence throughout the entire society.
